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1
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- Lectures # 30 – 31
- PETE 310
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2
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- Brine composition and density
- Water (brine) compressibility
- Formation volume factor and Pb
- Viscosity
- Mutual solubilities (gas in water, water in gas)
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3
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- Oil and gas wells produce more water than oil (7 bbl/1 bbl oil in Texas)
- Composition of co-produced water determines need for anti-scaling
additives
- Regulations limit disposal and beneficial use options
- Environmental impact
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4
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- Expensive Oilfield Water Management
- Diversity of Oilfield Waters (amount, compositions)
- Corrosion, Scale Control and Plugging
- Microbiological Problems
- Water Quality for Water-flooding, Steam Injection or Surface Disposal
- Injectivity Decline in Water Injection Wells
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5
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- Cations
- Na+
- K +
- Li +
- Ca ++
- Mg ++
- Ba ++
- Fe ++
- Sr ++
- Anions
- Cl -
- SO4 =
- CO3 =
- CO3H -
- NO3 -
- Br -
- I -
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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- Valence is # of charges (+ or -). Expressed as equivalent wt per g mole
- Ca++ has ionic weight
of 40.08 g/g mole
- Equivalent weight is
- 40.08 g/g mole/2 eq wt/g mole = 20.4 g/eq wt
- Atomic weight divided equivalent weight is mg / meq
- Milliequivalents per liter of calcium are
- *** mg/l / 20.04 mg/meq = ***
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13
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- Pb is the same as the Pb of the coexisting oil due to thermodynamic
equilibrium
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14
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- Depends upon pressure
- Depends upon temperature
- Depends upon gas in solution
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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- Use in logging tools
- Formation evaluation
- Resistivity is inversely proportional to conductivity
- Rw = rA/L =
[ohm/meters]
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29
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30
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Notes
